ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana hou a me nā mea i lilo i mea nui o ka mākeke o nā mea kūkulu hale i nā makahiki i hala.Ua hoʻomaka ka nui aʻe o nā ʻoihana kūkulu hale nui loa o ka honua e hāʻawi i nā mea hou a me nā ʻenehana kūkulu hale modular prefabricated i nā ʻoihana kūkulu a puni ka honua.ʻO kekahi o kēia mau mea kūkulu hale ʻenehana e like me ka paʻa paʻa, ka hana kiʻekiʻe, nā mea hoʻohui mineral, ka silica fume, ka lehu lele lehu kiʻekiʻe e lilo i mea kaulana.Manaʻo ʻia kēia mau mea hou e hoʻomaikaʻi hou i ka hana o nā huahana a me ke kumukūʻai, no laila e maʻalahi ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻoihana hana i ka wā e hiki mai ana.
ʻO nā mea kūkulu hale kekahi mea i hoʻohana ʻia no ke kumu hana e like me nā mea hana hale.ʻO ka lāʻau, ka sima, nā aggregates, nā metala, nā pōhaku lepo, ka lepo, ka mea maʻamau o ka hale i hoʻohana ʻia i ke kūkulu ʻana.ʻO ke koho ʻana o kēia mau mea e pili ana i kā lākou kumukūʻai kūpono no ke kūkulu ʻana i nā papahana.Nui nā mea kūlohelohe, e like me ka pālolo, ke one, ka lāʻau a me nā pōhaku, ʻo nā lālā a me nā lau i hoʻohana ʻia no ke kūkulu hale.Ma waho aʻe o nā mea kūlohelohe, nui nā huahana i hana ʻia e ke kanaka i hoʻohana ʻia, ʻoi aku kekahi a ʻoi aku ka synthetic.ʻO ka hana ʻana i nā mea kūkulu hale kahi ʻoihana paʻa i nā ʻāina he nui a ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia mau mea i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i loko o nā ʻoihana kūikawā kūikawā, e like me ke kamana, plumbing, roofing and insulation work.Pili kēia ʻōlelo i nā wahi noho a me nā hale me nā hale.
Hoʻohana ʻia ka metala ma ke ʻano he kumu hoʻolālā no nā hale nui e like me nā skyscrapers, a i ʻole ma ke ʻano he uhi ʻili waho.Nui nā ʻano metala i hoʻohana ʻia no ke kūkulu hale.ʻO ke kila he hao hao nona ka mea nui, a ʻo ia ka koho maʻamau no ke kūkulu hale metala.He ikaika, maʻalahi, a inā i hoʻomaʻemaʻe maikaʻi ʻia a mālama ʻia, lōʻihi ka manawa.
ʻO ka corrosion ka ʻenemi nui o ka metala i ka wā e ola lōʻihi ai.ʻO ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion o nā alumini alumini a me ka tin i kekahi manawa e lanakila i ko lākou kumukūʻai nui.ʻOi aku ka maʻamau o ke keleawe i ka wā ma mua, akā ua kaupalena ʻia i nā hoʻohana kikoʻī a i ʻole nā mea kūikawā i kēia lā.ʻIke nui ʻia nā kiʻi metala i nā hale i hana mua ʻia e like me ka hale ʻo Quonset, a hiki ke ʻike ʻia i hoʻohana ʻia ma ka hapa nui o nā kūlanakauhale cosmopolitan.Pono ia i ka hana nui o ke kanaka no ka hana ʻana i ka metala, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea e pono ai no nā ʻoihana hale.
ʻO nā metala ʻē aʻe i hoʻohana ʻia he titanium, chrome, gula, kālā.Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka Titanium no nā kumu hana, akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ke kila.Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Chrome, ke gula, a me ke kālā i mea hoʻonani, no ka mea, he kumukūʻai kēia mau mea a nele i nā ʻano hana e like me ka ikaika tensile a i ʻole ka paʻakikī.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: ʻAukake-23-2022